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KHAMIN CHAN pp. 177‒185
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ขมิ้นชัน (KHAMIN CHAN)
Curcumae Longae Rhizoma, Curcumae Domesticae Rhizoma
Turmeric
Synonyms Curcuma, Indian Saffron, Yellow Root
Category Stomachic, carminative, pharmaceutic aid (colouring agent), astringent.
    Turmeric is the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa L. (C. domestica Valeton) (Family
Zingiberaceae), Herbarium Specimen Number: DMSC 31, 1410, 1458, Crude Drug
Number: DMSc 0012.
Constituents Turmeric contains yellow volatile oil, of which turmerone and zingiberene are
its major components, and curcuminoids, of which curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin, and
bisdesmethoxycurcumin are its major components.
Description of the plant (Figs. 1a, 1b) Perennial herb with a thick, ellipsoid-ovate rhizome,
orange inside, giving rise to short blunt daughter rhizomes called fingers; leafy shoots up to
1 m tall, bearing 6 to 10 leaves. Leaves simple, glabrous, lamina, elliptic, oblong-elliptic or
lanceolate, 30 to 45 cm long, 10 to 15 cm wide, apex acuminate, base narrow; petiole as long
as lamina (rather abruptly broadened to leaf sheath, forming a pseudos tem). Inflorescence
scape from the apex of the rhizome; peduncle 15 cm or more long; spike 10 to 15 cm long,
5 to 7 cm in diameter; bract, white or white with green, 5 to 6 cm long, each subtending
flowers; bracteole thin, pale green and tinged with pink, elliptic to ovate, up to 3.5 cm long.
Flowers as long as the bracts; calyx whitish tubular, unilateral split, unequally toothed;
corolla white, tubular at base, upper half cup-shaped with 3 unequal lobes inserted on edge
of cup lip; lateral staminode petaloid, oblong, folder under the dorsal petal, staminode and
lip creamy-white with yellow median band, filament united to another about the middle of
the pollen sac, spurred at base; ovary trilocular. Fruit capsule, globose to ellipsoid. Seed
arillate.
Description
     Macroscopical (Fig. 1a) Dried rhizome occurs as an ovate, oblong or pear-shaped of round turmeric; cylindrical and often short-branched of long turmeric; the round about half as
broad as long, the long 2 to 5 cm long and 1 to 2 cm thick; externally yellowish to yellowish
brown, with root scars and annulations, the latter from the scars of leaf bases; fracture horny;
internally orange-yellow to orange, waxy, showing a cortex separated from a central cylinder
(about twice as broad as cortex) by a distinct endodermis; in both cortex and central cylinder,
scattered bundles are seen.
     Microscopical (Figs. 2a, 2b) Transverse section of the rhizome shows epidermis
consisting of a layer of rectangular cells; covering trichomes, unicellular, up to 280 µm long.
Hypodermis composed of 3 to 6 layers in the mature rhizome, but absent in the younger.
Cork, 4 to 6 layers of rectangular cells. Cortex composed of thin-walled parenchyma
cells containing numerous starch grains, yellowish oil droplets and yellow colouring matter
occasionally seen; starch grains, simple, flattened, rounded to oval or irregular in outline,
very faint transverse striations could be seen in some granules. Endodermis, a layer of
thin-walled cells. Stele, thin-walled parenchyma cells containing numerous starch grains,
yellowish oil droplets and yellow colouring matter. Fibrovascular bundles, non-lignified
walled cells, scattered in cortex and s tele; vessels, spiral, scalariform and reticulate.
Turmeric in powder possesses the diagnostic microscopical characters of the unground
drug.

Packaging and storage Turmeric shall be kept in well-closed containers, preferably of metal
or glass, protected from light and stored in a cool and dry place.
Identification
     A. Extract 10 mg of the sample, in powder, with 2 mL of acetic anhydride, add a few drops
of sulfuric acid and observe under ultraviolet light (366 nm): the solution shows blood-red
colour.
     B. Carry out the test as described in the “Thin-Layer Chromatography” (Appendix 3.1),
using silica gel G as the coating substance and a mixture of 49 volumes of benzene, 49 volumes of chloroform, and 2 volumes of ethanol as the mobile phase and allowing the solvent front to ascend 17 cm above the line of application. Apply separately to the plate, 5 µL each of the following two solutions. Prepare solution (A) by placing 1 g of the sample, in powder, in a stoppered test-tube, adding 3 mL of methanol, and shaking for a few minutes. Set aside for 1 hour and filter. For solution (B) dissolve 1 mg of curcumin in 1 mL of methanol. After removal of the plate, allow it to dry in air and examine under ultraviolet light (366 nm),
locating the spots. The chromatogram obtained with solution (A) shows a yellow-brown
spot (hR_f value 28 to 34) corresponding to the curcumin spot from solution (B). Other two
yellow-brown spots correspond in hR_f values to the spot numbers 2 and 3. Several spots of
higher and lower hR_f values are observed (Table 1); see also Fig. 3. Spray the plate with a 10
per cent w/v solution of phosphomolybdic acid in ethanol and heat at 105° for 5 minutes; the
spot due to curcumin is orange-brown. The spots due to those of numbers 2, 3, 10, 14, and
15 in Table 1 are orange, orange-brown, blue, blue, and blue, respectively. Other spots of
different colours are observed (Table 1); see also Fig. 3.
      Alternatively, use silica gel GF254 as the coating substance and a mixture of 80 volumes
of dichloromethane, 18 volumes of hexane, and 2 volumes of methanol as the mobile phase.
Apply separately to the plate as bands of 8 mm, 5 µL each of the following four solutions.
Prepare solution (A) by shaking 2 g of the sample, in powder, with 20 mL of ethanol for an
hour and filtering through a membrane having a 0.22-µm porosity, if necessary. For solution
(B) dissolve 1 mg of curcumin in 1 mL of ethanol. For solution (C) dissolve 1 mg of
demethoxycurcumin in 1 mL of ethanol. For solution (D) dissolve 1 mg of bisdemethoxycurcumin in 1 mL of ethanol. After removal of the plate, allow it to dry in air and examine the plate under ultraviolet light (254 nm), marking the quenching bands. Subsequently examine the plate under ultraviolet light (366 nm), through the cut-off filter; locating the bands. The chromatogram obtained with solution (A) shows three yellow-brown fluorescent bands (hR_f values 45 to 50, 25 to 30, and 10 to 15) corresponding to the curcumin band from solution (B), demethoxycurcumin band from solution (C), and  bisdemethoxycurcumin band from solution (D). Other two yellow-brown fluorescent bands are also observed. Spray the plate with anisaldehyde TS and heat at 105° for 5 minutes; the bands due to curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin are red. One blue and three pink bands are observed; see also Fig. 4.

Water Not more than 10.0 per cent v/w (Azeotropic Dis tillation Method, Appendix 4.12).
Foreign matter Not more than 2.0 per cent w/w (Appendix 7.2).
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1.0 per cent w/w (Appendix 7.6).
Total ash Not more than 8.0 per cent w/w (Appendix 7.7).
Ethanol-soluble extractive Not less than 10.0 per cent w/w (Appendix 7.12).
Water-soluble extractive Not less than 9.0 per cent w/w (Appendix 7.12).
Volatile oil Not less than 6.0 per cent v/w (Appendix 7.3H). Use 10 g, in fine powder,
accurately weighed. Use 100 mL of water as the distillation liquid and a 500-mL round bottomed flask. Distil at a rate of 2 to 3 mL per minute for 5 hours. Use 2.0 mL of xylene in the graduated tube. Calculate the content of volatile oil with reference to the anhydrous
substance.
Curcuminoids content Not less than 5.0 per cent w/w of curcuminoids, calculated
as curcumin, when determined by the following method.

    Standard curcumin solution Dissolve about 25 mg of Curcumin RS, accurately
weighed, in sufficient methanol to produce 250.0 mL.
    Standard curcumin curve Transfer into six 100-mL volumetric flasks, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and
6 mL, respectively, of Standard curcumin solution, dilute to volume with methanol, and mix.
Measure the absorbances of the standard solutions relative to the blank at 420 nm (Appendix
2.2). Plot the readings and draw the curve of best fit: the curve shows the correlation
coefficient of not less than 0.999.
    Sample preparation Transfer about 300 mg of Turmeric, in fine powder and accurately
weighed, into a 25-mL Erlenmeyer flask and macerate with 10 mL of methanol. Set aside at
room temperature for 6 hours with frequent shaking. Dilute 1.0 mL of the clear supernatant
liquid with methanol to produce 25.0 mL. Transfer 1.0 mL of this solution into a 25-mL
volumetric flask, dilute to volume with methanol and mix well.
    Procedure Measure the absorbance of Sample preparation at the maximum at about 420 nm, using methanol as the blank (Appendix 2.2).
    Calculation By reference to the standard curve, calculate the content of curcuminoids as
curcumin in the sample.