สารบัญ

ส้มป่อย, ใบ (SOMPOI, BAI)
ส้มขอน, ใบ (SOM KHON, BAI)
Senegaliae Rugatae Folium
Senegalia Rugata Leaf
Category Mild laxative.
       Senegalia Rugata Leaf is the dried leaflets of Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose
[Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC.] (Family Leguminosae-Mimosoideae), Herbarium Specimen
Number: DMSC 5337, Crude Drug Number: DMSc 1236.
Constituents Senegalia Rugata Leaf contains organic acids of which tartaric acid is its major
component; others include ascorbic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, and succinic acid. It also
contains triterpenoids (e.g., lupeol), triterpenoid saponins, etc.
Description of the plant (Fig. 1) Woody climber or scandent shrub, rarely small tree, 3 to
6 m tall; stem and branch spiny, velutinous to tomentose, glabrescent, without glandular
hairs. Stipule cordate, 3 to 8 mm long, 1 to 6 mm wide, caducous. Leaves bipinnate, spirally
arranged, rachis 6 to 16 cm long; petiole 1.2 to 5.2 cm long, with gland at 0.4 to 2.7 cm above
base; pinnae (4–)5 to 10 pairs, (1.5–)2 to 9 cm long, with glands at junctions of 1- to 3-distal
pairs; leaflets 10 to 35 pairs per pinna, opposite, sessile, narrowly oblong, 0.3 to 1.2 cm long,
0.8 to 3(–4.8) mm wide, apex asymmetrically rounded to sharply acute, mucronate-apiculate,
always bent forwards, base asymmetrically truncate, margin mostly ciliate, both surfaces
glabrous to sericeous, main vein marginal at base, not parallel to upper margin, often with
2 or more accessory veins at base, lateral veins conspicuous, reticulate. Inflorescence
capitulate, axillary, 1 to 3 heads per node, each consisting of 35 to 45 flowers; peduncle 2.5
to 3.2 mm long, densely pubescent; bract oblong, 0.5 to 1 mm long, reddish. Flower whitish;
calyx 2 to 3.2 mm long, tube glabrous to puberulous, lobes 5, triangular to ovate, 0.1 to
0.5(–0.9) mm long, apex acute, glabrous to puberulous; corolla (2.3–)3 to 4 mm long, tube
glabrous, lobes 5, ovate to ovate-oblong, 0.5 to 1 mm long, apex acute, glabrous; ovary
superior, oblong, 0.8 to 1.5 mm long, glabrous to sericeous, 10- to 12-ovuled, stipitate; stipe
1 to 1.5 mm long. Fruit a pod, oblong, 1 to 1.5 cm long, 1.7 to 2.7 cm wide, margin often
sinuate, pod straight, flattened, thick, reddish green, becoming very wrinkled when dried,
glabrous, more or less segmented, often falling apart into 1-seeded segments. Seeds 5 to 12,
oblong to obovate, 0.6 to 1 cm long, 4.5 to 8 mm wide, flattened, black, and shiny.
Description Odour, indistinct; taste, sour and slightly astringent.
      Macroscopical (Fig. 1) A mixture of entire and broken, green to brownish green leaflets,
with small amount of rachillae. Complete leaflets narrowly oblong, 0.5 to 1 cm long, 0.6 to
2.8(–4.6) mm wide, apex asymmetrically rounded to sharply acute, mucronate-apiculate,
always bent forwards, base asymmetrically truncate, margin mostly ciliate, both surfaces
glabrous to sericeous, main vein marginal at base, not parallel to upper margin, often with
2 or more accessory veins at base, lateral veins conspicuous, reticulate.
      Microscopical (Figs. 2a–2d) Transverse section of the leaflet through the midrib shows
upper epidermis, mesophyll, vascular tissue, and lower epidermis. Upper epidermis: a layer
of round or oval cells. Mesophyll: 1 to 3 layers of cylindrical palisade cells, some containing
prismatic crystals; spongy cells, oval shaped; lamella collenchyma and parenchyma in the
lower part of midrib. Vascular bundle: phloem and xylem. Lower epidermis: a layer of
round or oval or rectangular cells.

      In surface view, the lamina shows upper and lower epidermises. Upper epidermis:
wavy-walled cells, with few paracytic stomata. Lower epidermis: wavy-walled cells,
paracytic and anomocytic stomata.
       Transverse section of the rachilla illustrates epidermis, cortex, and vascular tissue.
Epidermis: a layer of small oval cells, with unicellular and multicellular trichomes. Cortex:
lamella collenchyma and parenchyma. Vascular tissue: a large vascular bundle and 1 or 2
small vascular bundles comprising phloem, xylem, and fibres.
        Senegalia Rugata Leaf in powder possesses the diagnostic microscopical characters of
the unground drug. The combination of unicellular and rarely multicellular trichomes, large
prismatic crystals in palisade cells, and large pored bordered-pitted vessels should be
characteristic.
Packaging and storage Senegalia Rugata Leaf shall be kept in well-closed containers,
protected from light, and stored in a dry place.
Identification
      A. Heat 500 mg of the sample, in powder, with 10 mL of water on a water-bath for
15 minutes and filter. Shake 5 mL of the filtrate in a screw-capped tube for 15 seconds:
a persisting foam is produced for over 30 minutes.
      B. Carry out the test as described in the “Thin-Layer Chromatography” (Appendix 3.1),
using silica gel F254 as the coating substance and a mixture of 70 volumes of toluene,
40 volumes of ethyl acetate, and 10 volumes of formic acid as the mobile phase and allowing
the solvent front to ascend 8 cm above the line of application. Apply separately to the plate as
bands of 6 mm, 2 μL of solution (A) and 1 μL of solution (B). Prepare solution (A) by sonicating
3 g of the sample, in No. 250 powder, with 60 mL of ethanol for 30 minutes and filtering.
Evaporate the filtrate to dryness under reduced pressure. Dissolve the residue in 2 mL of
ethanol. For solution (B), dissolve 1 mg of lupeol in 0.5 mL of methanol. After removal of the
plate, allow it to dry in air, and spray the plate with anisaldehyde TS, and heat at 105° for
5 minutes; the band corresponding to lupeol is violet (hR_f value 72 to 75). One brown and
seven violet bands are also observed (Fig. 3).
Loss on drying Not more than 10.0 per cent w/w after drying at 105° to constant weight
(Appendix 4.15).
Foreign matter Not more than 2.0 per cent w/w (Appendix 7.2).
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 3.0 per cent w/w (Appendix 7.6).
Total ash Not more than 10.0 per cent w/w (Appendix 7.7).
Ethanol-soluble extractive Not less than 13.0 per cent w/w (Appendix 7.12).
Water-soluble extractive Not less than 26.0 per cent w/w (Appendix 7.12).